The LIGHTNING 



SHORTHAND 



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Class 
Book. 



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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



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The Lightning Legible 

SHORTHAND 



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FOR USE 



IN ALL FIELDS OF LABOR WHERE 
THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF SPEED 
AND LEGIBILITY IS DEMANDED :-: 

SECOND EDITION 



THE GLASS PUBLISHING COMPANY 

SAN BERNARDINO, CAL. 

1909 



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U8RABY of CONGRESS 
Two CoDies Received 

— Copyritfiit £mry 
CLASS ~ 



COPYRiGHTED 1909 
DAVID ROSE GLASS 



COPYRIGHTED 1906 
DAVID ROSE GLASS 



Vz TIMES 



'r/\SILV-RE/\Di 




MORE 
EASILY 
RETAINED 



Five Strong Points the Lighting Legible 
Shorthand has Over Other Systems : : : 



B 



X-TH 



K G SP H F 



n 



jL 



X 



\ 



s 



E 

3 



WH 



11 L 

Fig. 1. 



N 




ST-SW 



SH-8H 



SK-SQU 



W 

Fig. 2. 




Fig. 3. 



THE ALPHABET. 



x r v. ) [^1/ 

( _ w _ n \ V ^ 



J J u C 3 ^ 



o 



Figures 1, 2, and 3, on the preceding page, illus- 
trate every character in the alphabet, and if carefully 
studied will prove very helpful in forming the correct 
shape of the different characters. 

The teacher should put the figures on the board 
and give all students three or four thorough drills 
during the first and second lessons. 

After a pupil has had the class drills, require 
him to make the three figures and fully explain them. 

All the curved characters and all the straight 
characters are found in Fig. 1. N, W, X-TH, and 
CH-SH are giyen in Fig. % ST-S W and SK-SQU 
are shown in Fig. 3. 

If the drill is given orally, the interior circle 
need not be made, as all the curved and straight 
characters can be illustrated in the exterior circle. 

The alphabet is formed from the following 
characters ; thus, /""^ PI. 



CONTENTS 



FIRST LESSON. page 

The Alphabet 9 

Full Size Characters 10 

Half Size Characters 10 

Minute Characters 11 

Perpendicular, Oblique and Surface Characters 12 

Natural Side 12 

Review Questions 13 

SECOND LESSON. 

Letters of Same Sound Represented by Same Character 13 

Spelling by Sound 14 

Initials 15 

Review Questions 16 

THIRD LESSON. 

Vowel Positions 16 

Diphthongs 18 

F, V, X, and SP 19 

Do You, To You, and If You 19 

Punctuation 19 

Review Questions 21 

FOURTH LESSON. 

Half Size and Minute Characters 22 

L, R, T, or TH Added to Half Size or Minute Characters-. -23 

M, N, or D Added to Half Size or Minute Characters 23 

Vowels Preceded by Two Consonants 24 

A, AU, and AW 25 

U. 26 

Tion, Sion, Cian, Cial, Tial, Shal 27 

Ing • 27 

Phrasing 28 

Review Questions 29 



FIFTH LESSON. page 

Writing Exercise I 30 

Writing Exercise II 31 

Review Questions 32 

SIXTH LESSON. 

Hooks, Circles and Loops 32 

To Add S, LY, etc 32 

To Add ES ■ 33 

To Add S to the Syllables, LY, RY, TY, etc 33 

When ING occurs between the Circle and the Character 34 

To Add 1 35 

To Add G and K 35 

G-KHook Never Half Size or Minute 36 

To Add CH or SH, P or B 37 

Phrases. 38 

Review Questions 39 

SEVENTH LESSON. 

Word Signs 40 

How to Memorize the Words Represented by Word Signs -..40 

"E" Position 41 

Joint Position 42 

Phrasing 45 

Review Questions 47 

EIGHTH LESSON. 

Prefixes and Suffixes 48 

Review Questions , 51 

NINTH LESSON. 

Miscellaneous Helps 51 

Dollars and Cents 51 

Dating 52 

Introductory Phrases 52 

Complimentary Closing 54 

The Long Sound of Vowels 55 

K and M, Followed by M, and G-J Followed by E 55 

Phrasing by Contraction 56 

Review Questions 57 



TENTH LESSON. page 

Synopsis of the lightning Legible Shorthand 58 

Review Questions 64 

Suggestions to Stenographers 66 

Stenographers and Typewriters Price List 68 

Court Reporter ' s Rates 70 

Exchange Rates Between Members for Reporting 71 

Punctuation • 72 

The Period 73 

The Colon 73 

The Semicolon 74 

The Interrogation Point . 75 

The Exclamation Point 76 

The Comma 76 

The Dash 78 

The Parentheses .'...79 

The Brackets 79 

The Brace 80 

The Apostrophe 80 

The Hyphen 80 

Quotation Points 81 

Accent Marks 82 

Other Marks 83 

Capitalization .' . 84 

One Dozen Don'ts 85 

One Dozen Things to Begin a Day's Work With 86 



*& 



LIGHTNING LEGIBLE SHORTHAND. 



LESSON I. 



The Alphabet. 

Characters made tip and down are called perpen- 
dicular and oblique characters. Those made from 
left to right are called surface characters. Be cer- 
tain to make the perpendicular and oblique characters 
up and then down, and the surface characters from 
left to right and from right to left. The oblique 
characters slanting in the direction of A; for exam- 
ple, B, H, T, and U-WH, are more easily made up 
than down, and should usually be made up. The 
perpendicular characters, D, R, G-J, and I-Y, the 
character ST-SW and the oblique characters slanting 
in the same direction as the character O ; for exam- 
ple, C-S-Z, P, R and SP-SPH, are more easily made 
down. Most of the surface characters, as, F-Y, 
K-QU, L, M, N, W, and CH-SH, are more easily 
made from left to right. X-TH and SK-SQU should 
be made from right to left and should usually begin 
at the top instead of at the bottom. 

Notice very closely how the alphabet is made in 
the three sizes and then make five copies in two 
directions full size, five copies in two directions half 
size, and five copies in two directions minute, thus 



10 IyiGHTNiNG Legible Shorthand. 

making ten alphabets of each size. Now make sixty 
copies of each of the three sizes. (*) 

Study these explanations very closely, and then 
make the number of copies suggested above, accord- 
ing to the following illustrations : 

EXERCISE I. 

Full Size Characters. 

c 

ABSDEFGH 

/ r v. ) iAi/ 



I K 

Y QU L 



n \ V ^ 



U W X CH ST SK SP 

WH TH SH S\V SQU SPH 



J J u c => 



o 



Half Size Characters, 



c 

A B SDEF GH 

/r u i A, V / 



* Do not make sixty copies of the full size, then sixty of the half size, then sixty 
copies of the minute size, but make each character full size, half size and minute in two 
directions before making the next character. Be certain to make sixty copies of this 
exercise and remember to make all the perpendicular and oblique characters up and 
then down, and all surface characters from left to right and from right to left. This will 
require you to make the alphabet 360 times in this exercise. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 11 



I 

Y 


K 

QU 


L 


( 


o— . 




T 


U 
WH 


W 



M N *0 P R 

_ n \ V >» 

X CH ST SK SP 

TH SH SW SQU SPH 

J J" U czo^oX 

Minute Characters. 

c 

A BS DE F GH 

Z V J 

' r \. ) i ~ 1 / 

I K 

Y QU L M N O P R 

i •. w _ rt x x ^ 

T U W X CH ST SK SP 

WH TH SH SW [SQU SPH 

J J* M c => O <* N 

Give all your notes to your teacher so that he 
may be able to criticise them carefully and give you 
the benefit of the criticism. (*) 

The alphabet in shorthand, as in longhand, is the 
foundation and should be thoroughly mastered before 
any other lesson is begun. You cannot write long- 
hand before you learn your A B C's ; the same is 
true of shorthand, so do not try to write a word 

* NOTE TO THE TEACHER— Accept no student's work on the alphabet who 
does not bring it up written five times in two directions in each of the three sizes; i. e-, 
ten copies of each size — thirty complete copies; and also sixty copies in each of the three 
izes written in two directions; i. e., 360 copies or atotal'of 390 complete alphabets. 



12 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

until you can make any character readily and accu- 
rately. Learn the alphabet well in all three sizes 
and you will avoid many hours of worry over your 
notes. 

Perpendicular, Oblique and Surface Characters. 

The characters of the alphabet are divided into 
oblique, perpendicular, and surface or horizontal 
characters. A, B, C-S-Z, H, O, P, R, T, U-WH, 
ST-SW, and SP-SPH are the oblique characters. 
D, E, G-J, and I-Y are the perpendicular characters. 
All the other characters of the alphabet may be 
classified as surface or horizontal characters. 

As stated in the beginning of this lesson, the 
oblique characters slanting in the direction of A, are 
more easily made up. The perpendicular characters 
and the oblique characters made in the direction of 
O, are more easily made down. X-TH and SK-SQU 
should usually be made from right to left and should 
be made downward. All other surface characters are 
more easily made from left to right, but all characters 
should be practiced in their two directions until they 
can be made in either direction with ease and rapidity. 

Natural Side. 

The right side of E, G-J, and ST-SW, the inside 
of curved characters, and the underside of SK-SQU 
and all other characters, is the natural side. The 
other side is the unnatural side. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 13 

Review Questions. 

1. How many characters in the alphabet ? 
2- Name them. 

3. How many perpendicular characters ? 

4. Name them. 

5. How many horizontal characters ? 

6. How many hook characters ? 

7. Name the hook characters that are perpen- 
dicular or oblique. 

8. What characters represent more than one 
letter or digraph ? 

9. Name the characters that are more easily 
made down. 

10. Define the natural and the unnatural side of 
all characters. 

: r 'lO0TE TO THE TEACHER— Have the pupils answer all review ques- 
tions. It is better to have them write the answers in class than to answer 
orally. 

The teacher should also have all pupils bring up the exercises of each 
lesson written neatly and accurately the number of times indicated in this 
book. By so doing, pupils will have no trouble to read their notes whea 
they get into dictation. 



LESSON II. 

Letters of Same Sound Represented by Same 
Character. 

As the phonetic method of spelling is used in 
shorthand, letters having the same sound ; as, C, S, 
and Z, F and V, G and J, I and Y, K and QU, U and 
WH, are represented by the same character. Also 



14 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



groups of letters, as X and TH, CH and SH, ST and 
SW, SK and SQU, SP and SPH, are represented by 
the same character. These are called group char- 
acters. (See alphabet.) 

Spelling by Sound. 

In shorthand, only the letters that are sounded 
are written in the notes; therefore, learn to spell a 
word by sound before trying to write it in short- 
hand. 

Learn the following list of words, and notice 
very closely how they are spelled in longhand and 
shorthand : 



L. H. 


S. H. 


L. H. 


S. H. 


L.H. 


S. H. 


could 


kud 


class 


klas 


lay 


la 


system 


sistm 


come 


kom 


flannel 


flanl 


prestige 


prestg 


write 


rit 


loan 


Ion 


week 


wek 


caught 


kaut 


talk 


tauk 


catch 


kach 


letter 


letr 


mean 


men 


bought 


bot 


sack 


sak 


canned 


kand 


corner 


kornr 


awkward 


awkrd 


meat 


met 



Study the above list very carefully, and then 
make and hand to your teacher a different list of one 
hundred words, spelled first as in longhand, and then 
as in shorthand. 

NOTE TO THE TEACHER— Pronounce one of these lists and similar 
-words to the class until they become accustomed to spelling by sound. 
Do not place too little value on this lesson for it will be a great help in 
forming outlines hereafter. 



Lightning Lkgibi^ Shorthand. 15 

Initials. 

A character, representing a group of letters, 
placed above the line and retraced on the natural 
side represents the first letter or digraph of the 
group, through the line, the second letter or digraph 
of the group, and below the line, the third letter or 
digraph of the group. For instance, the character 
C-S-Z placed above the line and retraced on the nat- 
ural side is C ; through the line, S ; and below the line, 
Z. The character representing X and TH placed 
above the line and retraced on the natural side is X ; 
and through the line, TH ; thus, — 



s= 



^ 



If any character is used as an initial or as an 
abbreviation, make a retrace on the natural side. 
See illustration of retraces on characters C, S, Z, X 
and TH just given. 

Write C, Z, WH, and X as initials. 



NOTE TO THE TEACHER— Be sure to criticise each pupil's work 
closely. See that each does all the work assigned. And since no one takes 
an interest in work which he is permitted to do in a slouchy, slipshod 
fashion, be sure that each pupil does his work well. Remember that 
slovenly work begets slovenly habits and slovenly habits beget slovenly 
character. It should, therefore, be the teacher's constant care to have all 
work done so well that it will lay the foundation for GOOD stenograph- 
ers, correct habits and good character. 



16 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

Review Questions. 

1. When would the character G-J represent G, 
and when J, if used as initials ? 

2. On which side is a character retraced to show 
that it is an initial or an abbreviation? 

3. Which is the natural side of a character ? 

4. Give the names of the curved characters. 

5. Give the rule for using as initials letters 
represented by the same character. 



LESSON III. 

Vowel Positions. 

The five vowels, A, E, I, O, and U, are desig- 
nated by five distinct positions with reference to the 
horizontal line on which we write. In ordinary 
shorthand tablets, which are ruled rather widely, 
about one-fourth inch above the line is "A" positioa. 
Any consonant placed on this position represents 
that consonant and also the letter A following. For 
instance, if M is placed on this position, it spells m-a, 
ma, (may). Touching or nearly touching the line on 
the top side is "E" position. Any consonant placed 
on this position represents that consonant and also 
the letter E following. For instance, S placed on 
this position spells s-e, se, (see). In or through the 
line is "I" position. Any consonant placed in or 
through the line represents that consonant and also 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 17 

the letter I following. For instance, N made 
through the line spells n-i, ni, (nigh). Touching or 
nearly touching the line on the under side is "O" 
position. Any consonant placed on this position 
represents that consonant and also the letter O fol- 
lowing. For instance, L on "O" position spells l-o, 
lo, (low). About one-fourth inch below the line is 
"U" position. Any consonant placed on this position 
represents that consonant and also the letter U fol- 
lowing. For instance, N placed on this position 
spells n-u, nu, (new). 

Any consonant made on any one of the five vowel 
positions represents that consonant and also the 
vowel following which is represented by the position 
on which the consonant is placed. For instance, M 
on "A" position means ma; on U E" position, me; on 
"I" position, mi ; on "O" position, mo ; on U U" position, 
mu. The same is true of any other consonant. All 
we have to do is to make any consonant on any of 
the five vowel positions and it carries with it the 
idea of that vowel without taking the time and 
trouble to make the vowel itself. The following are 
good illustrations of vowel positions: 

Ma (May) 

Jttfi 

Mo(Mow) 
Mu (Mew) 




18 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



Na (Neigh) 



Sa (Say) 



Ne (Knee) A r\ Se (See) \>* i 

L l ( 1 Ni (Nigh) > ■ V 

No (Know) Pj l ' So (Sow) 1 V 

Nu (New) A Su (» ue ) ^*~ 

A dot on "A" position is a, an, or and. Context 
will readily show which the dot is intended to repre- 
sent. A dot on k 'E" position is the. A dot on "I" 
position is I. A dot on "O" position is Oh or us. A 
dot on U U" position is you; thus, — 

• A, An, And. 
. The T 

— ———-——-——---—-— — — « , ■*■ _____» — ______ __ 



• Oh, Us. 
. You. 

Diphthongs. 

A dot placed near the center, on the natural side 
of a consonant on "A" position forms the diphthongs 
AU and AW; as in law. A dot placed near the cen- 
ter on the natural side of a consonant on "I" position 
forms the diphthongs 01 and OY, as in boy. A dot 
placed near the center on the natural side of a conso- 
nant on "0" position forms the diphthongs OU and 
OW, as in how. Therefore, we have three diph- 
thong positions ; 'A" position for AU and AW, "F 
position for 01 and OY, and "O" position for OU 
and OW. 

It is sometimes convenient to use the vowels A, 
I, and O joined to some other character. When 



IyiGHTNiNG Legible Shorthand. 19 

this is done, if you want to use them as diphthongs, 
make a diphthong dot on the natural side of the 
vowel. 

The following- are good illustrations of the three 
diphthong positions : 

Saw V, Raw A Law, 



-¥rrr 

Now 



v — ^ eu ^ — — /f~ ^ u °- v ^r 

^^ [AHow / ^Cow 1 



F, V, X, and SP. 

If F, V, X, or SP comes at the end or in the 
body of a word, strike it off the preceding character. 
For instance, to write live, place L on "I" position 
and strike V off the L. To write box, place B on 
"O" position and strike the X off the B; thus, — 



Box 




Do You, To You, and If You. 

D on "U" position is do you, T on "IT 1 position 
to you, F on "U" position if you. 

Punctuation. 

Place a small cross on "I" position for a period. 
If at any time it is necessary to indicate any other 
mark of punctuation, make the mark just as in long- 
hand and draw a circle around it. For instance, if 
you wish to indicate a semicolon, merely 
make it and draw a circle around it ; thus, ^"S 



20 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

EXERCISE I. 

Make and hand to your teacher fifty shorthand 
copies of the following words (*)': Axe, asp, lay, 
be, beef, by, now, bow, rye, view, how, spy, thief, 
rough, cave, saw, law, thaw, new, shy, sieve, shave, 
move, cough, wife, vex, enough, puff, joy, annoy, 
stove, sky. 

Make a list of twenty-five similar words, write 
five times in shorthand and hand to your teacher, 

EXERCISE II. 

Transcribe the following sentences and then 
make and give to your teacher fifty shorthand copies 
from your transcript : 




.A 



^ » • f ' n l\ v* 



* You should not write one of these words fifty times before passing to the next, 
hut should write the entire list of words, then return to the first and repeat tSe proeess 
until you hare fifty complete copies. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



21 



LL 



z^? — \ ' > 




Review Questions. 

1. How many vowel positions ? 

2. Name and define them. 

3. Name and define the diphthong" positions. 

4. What is said about D, T, and F, on "U" 
position ? 

5. How are the diphthongs formed ? 

6. What is said about punctuation marks ? 

7. What words are represented by the dots on 

the vowel positions ? 

8. What is said of F, V, X, and SP when they 

come at the end or in the body of a word ? 



NOTE TO TEACHER— As exercises I and II contain the first words and 
sentences the pupils have written, the teacher should criticise very closely 
every outline, marking all errors and corrections in red ink in order that 
all pupils may acquire at the outset the habit of writing all shorthand 
neatly and accurately. 



22 Lightning Legible Shorthand, 

LESSON IV. 

Half Size and Minute Characters. 

Rule 1. Making- any character half size adds h, 
R, T, or TH. Making any character minute adds M, 
N, or D. For instance, 

Half Size. 

To write mail, make M on "A" 

position half size for L ; thus, 

To write mere, make M on "E" 
position half size for R ; thus, — == - 

To write mit, make M on "I" 
position half size for T ; thus, * s== 

To write moth, make M on "G" 
position half size for TH ; thus, — ■ 



In like manner, any other character made half 
size signifies the addition of L, R, T, or TH. 

Minute. 

To write mum, make M on "TIL! 

position minute for M ; thus, — 

To write men, make M on "E" 
position minute for N ; thus, 

To write mad, make M on "A" _ 
position minute for D ; thus, 



In like manner, any other character made minute 
signifies the addition of M, N, or D. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 23 

L, R, T, or TH Added to Half Size or Minute 
Characters. 

(a) To add L to a half size or minute character, 
make a dot on the natural side near the end. 

For example, to write little, make L on 

"I" position half size for T and make a dot yffi 

near the end on the natural side for L; thus, 

(b) To add R to a half size or minute character, 
make a dot on the unnatural side of the character 
near the end. 

For example, to write miner, make M on 
k T' position minute for N and place a dot on -J 
the unnatural side near the end for R ; thus, 

(c) To add T or TH to a half size or minute 
character, make a dot on the end of the character. 

For example, to write width, make 

W on "I" position minute for D and -42 — 

place a dot on the end for TH ; thus, 

M, N, or D Added to Half Size or Minute Characters. 

(a) To add M to a half size or minute character, 
make a dash perpendicularly through the character. 

For example, to write form, make F on "O" po- 
sition half size for R and make a dash . 

perpendicularly through it ; thus, *** r ^ 

(b) To add N to a half size or minute charac- 
ter, make a dash through the character in the direc- 
tion of O. 



24 IyiGHTNiNG Legible Shorthand. 

For example, to write lighten, make 
L on "I" position half size for T and. 
make a dash through it for N ; thus, 

(c) To add D to a half size or minute character, 
make a dash through the character in the direction 
of A. 

For example, to write Fred, make 
F on "E" position half size for R and /r *f 
make a dash through it for D ; thus, 

NOTE — Do not make two dots or two dashes, or a dot and a dash on 
the same character, For instance, instead of writing rattler, by making 
R on "A" position, half size for T and making a dot on the natural side 
for L and a dot on the unnatural side for R, make R on "A" position half 
size for T and strike L off, half size for R. Instead of writing random, by- 
making R on "A" position, minute for N, and a dash through it in 
the direction of A for D, and another dash perpendicularly through it for 
M, make R on "A" position, minute for N, and strike D off minute for M. 
Instead of writing rambled, by making R on "A" position, minute for M, 
and making a dot on the natural side for L, and a dash through it in the 
direction of A for D, make R on "A" position, minute for M, and strike 
L off" minute for D. Thus, — 



Rattler 



^\ Random J Rambled ^\ 



Vowels Preceded by Two Consonants. 

If a half size or minute character is made on a 
vowel position, and the letter for which the charac- 
ter is made half size or minute precedes the vowel, 
make the character heavier by bearing harder on 
your pen or pencil. (*) 

If L, R, T, or TH is to be added to one of these 
half size or minute characters, or another half size 

* It should be remembered, however, that no letter represented by a dash or a dot 
ever precedes the vowel. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 25 

or minute character is required to finish the word, 
make the character on the vowel position heavy. It 
is unnecessary, however, to make the dot or the other 
half size or minute character heavy. 

EXERCISE I. 

Make and hand to your teacher five shorthand 
copies of the following words : Bought, haul, made, 
nine, son, then, view, sole, short, come, call, through, 
handle, boarded, letter, little, matter, Riverside (*), 
Colton (**), Dear Sir (***), Yours truly I****). 

NOTE TO THE TEACHER— Be certain to criticise each pupil's work 
closely and require the size of all characters to be in accordance with the 
rules. 

A, AU, and AW. 

Make a check mark 
opening to the right ; thus, ** 
for A, AU and AW. 

For example, to write abroad, make B on "O" 
position, half size for R, make a dash 
through it in the direction of A for D , ^v» 
and use the check mark for A ; thus, ' 

This check mark may be made on either side or 
either end of the character, or any position with refer- 
ence to the character. For instance, if two characters 



* Ron "I" position, V struck off half size for R and S struck off minute for D, 
making it spell R-i-v-r-s-d, Rivrsd, [Riverside]. 

** K on "O" position, half size for L, and T struck up minute for N, makin it 
spell K-o-l-t-n, Koltn, [Colton]. 

*** D on "E" position, and small circle on the natural side, Dear Sir. 
*** Y on "U" position, full size, small circle on natural side, Yours Tr uly 



26 IylGHTNING LEGIBLE SHORTHAND. 

are required in writing a word, and A occurs between 
them, make the A check at the joining point. 

For example, to write donated, make D on "O" 
position minute for N and T struck 
down minute for D, with a check 
mark for A where T joins D ; thus, 

Make fifty shorthand copies of the following 
words : Abandon, awful, author, autumn, apart, 
audit, attune, auburn, attire. 

Make a list of ten similar words, write them five 
times in shorthand and give them to your teacher. 

U. 

Make a check mark opening to the left for U. 

For example, to write unite, make N on 

"I" position half size for T and precede it with — f) 

the check mark opening to the left ; thus, ^ 

The U check mark may be made on either side or 
either end of the character, or any position with 
reference to the character. For instance, if two 
characters are required to write a word and U oc- 
curs between them, make the U check at the joining 
point. 

For example, to write graduate, make G on "A" 
position half size for R with a D dash, strike 
A up half size for T and make the U check &^ 
mark where the A joins the D dash ; thus, — 

Make and give to your teacher fifty shorthand 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 27 

copies of the following words : Universal, unit, uni- 
corn, united, euchre, value, modulate, stimulate. 

Make a list of ten similar words, write them five 
times in shorthand and give them to your teacher. 

Tion, Sion, Cian, Cial, Tial, Shal. 

Retrace a character on the unnatural side for 
-tion, -sion, -cian, -tial, -cial, and -shal. 

For example, to write attention, 
make Ton "B" position, minute for N, * 

a retrace on the unnatural side for -tion, — **■ 

and use the A check mark ; thus, 

Make and give to your teacher fifty copies of the 
following words written in shorthand : Mansion, 
nation, national, fashion, mission, session, partial, 
martial, magician, special. 

Make a list of twenty similar words, write them 
five times in shorthand and give them to your teacher. 

Ing 

Made a dot following the end of a character for 
-',ng or thing. 

For example, to write buying, y**~ 

make B on "I" position, full size,— r- — 

and follow it with a dot ; thus, I 

If -ing occurs between two syllables, make a 
space between the two syllables, but do not make the 
dot. To write Wellington, make W on "E" 
position, half size for L ; following the end if* 
of the W strike T up minute for N ; thus, 



28 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

The space between the half size W and the mi- 
nute T indicates the syllable -ing. 

Make and hand to your teacher fifty shorthand 
copies of the following words: Cutting, fleeting, prey- 
ing, glueing, sleeting, slanting, mailing, coaling, hold- 
ing, knowing, Harrington, Burlington, Wilmington. 

Make a list of twenty similar words, write them 
five times in shorthand and give them to your teacher. 

Phrasing. 

It is not well to have special signs for phrases, 
but sometimes rules may be developed that will en- 
able the stenographer to shorten his work very much 
by using judicious phrasing. 

Suppose we wish to write the phrase, from you. 
You have already learned that F on "O" position, half 
size for R, with a dash made perpendicularly through 
it for M, is from. Now by placing F half size with 
the M dash on "U" position instead of u O" position, 
you have all the vowels of the desired phrase except 
O. Hence, by analyzing the character very carefully, 
you have f-r-m-u, from you. 

You learned in a preceding lesson that F on "U" 
position is if you. F on U U" position half size for 
L, when analyzed, would be the phrase, if you L, or 
if you will. In the same way you can write, we will, 
by making W on "ID" position half size for L. We 
would may be written by making W on "E" position 
minute for D, we'd, we would. If these phrases 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 29 

written in this manner should be at all confusing to 
you, that is, if you get them confused with regular 
words, make them a little heavier by bearing hard on 
your pen or pencil to indicate that they are phrases. 

Review Questions. 

1. How is L, R, T, or TH added to a char- 
acter ? 

2. How is M, N, or D added to a character ? 

3. How may L be added to a half size or mi- 
nute character ? 

4. How is M added to a half size or minute 
character ? 

5. Tell how R, T, TH, N, or D is added to a 
half size or minute character? 

6. How may you know when the vowel is pre- 
ceded by two consonants ? 

7. How are the phrases, if you, if you will, we 
will and we would written ? 

8. Tell what is said of -tion and -ing. 

9. What is said about using two dots, two 
dashes, or a dot and a dash on the same 
character ? 

10. How do you write such words as, Dear Sir, 
Yours truly, Riverside, and Colton ? 



30 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

LESSON V. 

Be certain to do all the joining you can and 
study every outline you make so that the shorthand 
words will be as plain to you as print. For instance, 
if you want to write the phrase, if you are ever over 
at, make F on U U" position for if you and strike a 
half size A off of F for are, strike E off of A, and a 
half size V off of E for ever, strike O off of the V, 
and V half size off of O for over, and strike a half 
size A off of the V for at. 

Make five similar phrases, write them a num- 
ber of times in shorthand and give thern to your 
teacher. 

NOTE TO THE TEACHER— Dictate exercise I and II to the class 
slowly at first, then gradually increase the speed until the class can write 
each exercise at the rate of seventy-five words a minute. 

EXERCISE I. 

Make and hand to your teacher fifty shorthand 
copies of the following letter : 

Dear Sir : — I had a letter from Mr. A. A. 
Boyd Fridav, and he said you wanted a good 
man to travel through Pennsylvania (*) to 
inquire about the coal output in that State 
next year. If you still want someone, I shall 
be glad if you will write me, and I will come 
over to see you about the matter. 
Yours truly, 

* P on "E" position minute for N and retraced on the natural side. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 31 

EXERCISE II. 

Transcribe the following letter, make fifty short- 
hand copies from your transcript and give them to 
your teacher. 

fc^r » is - 7-^ *- 

-\ ( ' 
' * g=^7 ^ * * =- l 

— ^ ^ * 0-° — V 



y± 



* U c 1 — ^ K— 



32 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

Review Questions. 

1. What are the three diphthong positions ? 

2. What does a retrace on the unnatural side 
indicate ? 

3. How may you know a vowel is preceded by 
two consonants ? 

4. How is M added to a half size or minute 
character ? 

5. How is R added to a half size or minute 
character ? 



LESSON VI. 

Hooks, Circles, and Loops. 
To Add S, LY, etc. 

Rule 2. Making a small circle on the natural 
side at either end of a character adds S. 

For example, to write rose, make -— *^- 

R on u O" position, with a small A 
circle on the natural side ; thus, 

Making a small circle on the unnatural side at 
either end of a character adds LY, RY, TY, CY, SY, 
and ZY. 

For example, to write lately, 
make L on "A" position, half size ^j& 
for T with a small circle on th e 
unnatural side for LY ; thus,""" 

Make fifty shorthand copies of the following 
words : Pears, chairs, plums, pose, nose, wreaths, 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 33 

mouths, files, names, plans, holy, surely, burly, worldly, 
tarry, hurry, curry, prairie, merry, ferry, hoary, cer- 
tainty, reality, party, haughty, naughty, racy, saucy, 
mercy, rusty, Nancy, fussy, prosy, lazy, hazy, dizzy, 
crazy. 

Make a list of twenty-five similar words, write 
them in shorthand five times and give them to your 
teacher. 

To Add ES. 

(a) Changing the S circle to a loop adds the 
syllable -es. 

For instance, to write losses, make_ 
L on "O" position, with a small loop 
on the natural side for -ses ; thus, 

Make and hand to your teacher fifty shorthand 
copies of the following words : Passes, mosses, 
horses, houses, ceases, races, paces, prices, pauses, 
causes. 

Make a list of twenty-five similar words, write 
them five times in shorthand and give them to your 
teacher. 

To Add S to the Syllables, LY, RY, TY, etc. 

(b) Changing the LY, etc. circle to a loop adds 
S to the syllables, LY, RY, TY, CY, SY, and ZY. 

For instance, to write duties, make — 

D on "U" position with a small loop on \ 
the unnatural side for TYS (ties) ; thus, ® 

These circles are changed to loops to indicate 



34 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

the plural ; but, if you experience any difficulty in 
distinguishing between a circle and a loop, use a dash 
instead of a loop on the natural side in the same po- 
sition as the diphthong dot, to indicate a plural. 

Make and give to your teacher fifty shorthand 
copies of the following words : Follies, mercies, 
fancies, putties, doughties, daisies, pansies, lilies, 
dailies, trolleys, bounties, counties, certainties. 

Make a list of twenty similar words, write them 
five times in shorthand and give them to your teacher. 

When ING Occurs Between the Circle and the 
Character. 

(c) If ING should occur between either the S 
or the LY, etc. circle and the character, do not make 
the circle on the character, but make a space between 
the circle and the character, placing the circle in its 
relative position. 

For example, to write filings, make F on "I" posi- 
tion, half size for L with a small circle on the natural 
side for S, but leave a space ^^ 
between the character F and r^S 
the S circle for ING ; thus, 

Make fifty shorthand copies of the following 
words : Cuttings, yearnings, charmingly, musingly, 
cunningly, sparingly. 

Make a list of ten similar words, write them five 
time in shorthand and give them to your teacher. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 35 

To Add I. 

Rule 3. Make a dash perpendicular to and di- 
rectly on the end of a character to add I. Example : 
to write money, make M on "O," position minute for 

N and make a dash on the end for I, __, 

making it spell m-o-n-i, (money); thus, 

This dash made perpendicular to and directly on 
the beginning* of a character prefixes I to the char- 
acter. 

For example, to write idea, make D on "E" posi- 
tion, beginning with a dash perpendicu- 
lar to it for I and strike A up off the end \ ^^^ 
of D, making it spell i-d-e-a ; thus, ^^ 

Write the following words fifty times in short- 
hand and give them to your teacher : Honey, pony, 
many, bod\^, stuffy, fluffy, candy, sandy, handy, heavy, 
gravy, navy, wavy, ilex, iron, iota, identity. 

Make a list of ten similar words, write them five 
times in shorthand and give them to your teacher. 

To Add G and K. 

Rule 4. To add G to any character, make a 
hook at the end of the character on the natural side, 
and to add K, make the hook at the end on the un- 
natural side. 

For example, to write bag, y~» 
make B on "A" position with a hook ^ 
on the natural side for G ; thus, 



36 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



To write bake, make B on 
,4 A" position with a hook on /***" 
the unnatural side for K ; thus jjjf 



Write the following words fifty times in short- 
hand and give them to your teacher : Sag, nag, 
crag, brag, plug, log, sledge, wedge, lodge, hedge, 
plank, bank, link, sink, brink, sunk, monk, choke, 
rank, fickle. 

Make a list of twenty-five similar words, write 
them five times in shorthand and give them to your 
teacher. 

G-K Hook Never Half Size or Minute. 

(a) Never try to make the G or K hook half size or 
minute. It is sometimes convenient to make the dot 
or the dash, but when such is done, much discretion 
should be used. It is generally better to strike off 
the G or K (not the hook) half size or minute, as the 
case may require. 

For instance, mangle WJ 
is written thus, 



And broken, thus, 



T 



Write the following words fifty times in short- 
hand and give them to your teacher : Tangle, wran- 
gle, sprangle, ankle, uncle, bunker, banker, tinker, 
single, sinker, wriggle, wrinkle, wringer. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 37 

Make a list of twenty-five similar words, write 
them five times in shorthand and give them to your 
teacher. 

To Add CH or SH, P or B. 

Rule 5. To add CH or SH to a character, make 
a large circle on the natural side, and to add P or B 
to a character, make a large circle on the unnatural 
side. 

For example, to write hush, 

make H on U U" position with 

a large circle on the natural ^^^ 

side for SH ; thus, ^5 

(a) These circles may be made half size, like any 
character to add L, R, T, or TH, but should never 
be made minute. 

(b) If M, N, or D should follow one of these 
circles, make the dash that represents the M, N, or D 
through the circle. For example, to write pushed, 
make P on "IT" position with a large 

circle on the natural side for SH and ^^J 
make a D dash through the circle ; thus, 

Instead of making the B or P circle half size or 
even making a dash through it, it is nearly always 
better to strike the B or P off half size or minute as 
the case may require. 

Make and hand to your teacher fifty shorthand 
copies of the following : Bush, gush, much, rush, 
rash, cash, lash, push, mesh, marsh, bushel, crusher, 



38 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

pusher, hitch, catch, batch, patch, finch, rich, fetch, 
blotch, pitch, blotched, pitcher, cab, crab, crib, grab, 
mob, slab, scrub, snub, rub, cub, mop, slap, scrap, 
snap, wrap, wrapper, cap, cup, sleep, scraper, creep, 
sleeper, roper, creeper, rope, hope. 

Make a list of twenty-five similar words, write 
them five times in shorthand and give them to your 
teacher. 

Phrases. 

The phrases below are not compulsory, but may 
be used when convenient. The phrase, we will say 
that, may be written by placing W on "E" position, 
half size for L, making- a small ^. 

circle on the natural side for S, ^^"^ 

striking A up, and striking TH \J — — 

half size for T off of A ; thus, 

We would say that, is written in the same way 
except W is made minute for D. 

By exercising great care in developing rules 
instead of making mere signs, many phrases which 
frequently occur may be formed, and thus accelerate 
the speed of your shorthand without detracting from 
its legibility. No phrase signs should ever be used 
unless you can show that they are developed from 
rules. 

When you begin phrasing, study the outlines of 
your phrases very closely and see that every part is 
written according to some rule. By making all your 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 39 

notes clear and accurate according- to rule, and al- 
ways transcribing all your notes, you will soon expe- 
rience no difficulty in reading your shorthand. 

EXERCISE I. 

Make and give to your teacher fifty shorthand 
copies of the following letter : 
Prof. Paul L. Evans,, 

Redlands, Cal. 
Dear Sir : We need a bright young man who 
is honest and not afraid of (*) work to 
take charge of our books. We will pay the 
right man a good salary, but we want one 
who can do the work. If you can send us a 
young man whom you think can do this 
work, send him over at once. 
Yours truly, 

Review Questions. 

1. How is S added to a character ? 

2. How is S added to a circle on the unnatural 
side ? 

3. How is ES added to the S circle ? 

4. How is K added to a character ? 

5. How is G added to a character ? 

6. How is SH-CH added to a character ? 

7. How is B or P added to a character ? 

8. How is the phrase, we will say that, written ? 

9. How is 1NG indicated, if it occurs between 
the S circle and the character ? the LY 
circle and the character ? 

* To write OF, make O a little more than full size on "E" position. 



40 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

LESSON VII. 

Word Signs. 

By adopting- two positions for word signs and 
using the twenty-four characters of the alphabet to 
represent words, we are enabled to get nearly a hun- 
dred words. Most of them occur very frequently in 
every day writing and some of these words require 
long outlines to write them in full. 

Nearly all word signs begin with either the 
initial letter or with the sound of the initial 
letter of the word which the word sign repre- 
sents. This avoids most of the difficulty of memo- 
rizing long lists of word signs which is experienced 
in other systems of shorthand. The word signs are 
placed on U E" position and joint position. (See ex- 
planation of "joint position" a little further on.) 
Word signs should be made a little longer or larger 
than full size characters. Each word sign represents 
two words on "E" position, and two on joint posi- 
tion. The first word of a group on "E" position is 
always a verb. The second word of a group is never 
a verb. Context will readil} r show which word of 
the group is represented by the word sign. 

How to Memorize the Words Represented 
by Word Signs, 

There can be no best rule for every one in mem- 
orizing- these words. Some memorize them more 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 41 

readily by constructing sentences containing the 
words and then making the word signs to represent 
them. This is an excellent method, but in following 
this plan, be sure to make sentences that mean some- 
thing. Others learn these words more easily by first 
memorizing all the words represented by each char- 
acter on "E" position and then those on joint posi- 
tion. Another good plan is to memorize all the 
words without regard to the characters representing 
them. After you have thoroughly learned all the 
words so that you can repeat them from beginning to 
end, and know the moment you hear one of them that 
it is a word represented by a word sign, you can then 
apply them to their respective characters, and they 
will be fixed in your mind so thoroughly that they 
will not be hard to retain. 

"E" Position. 

As already explained under the head of "Vowel 
and Diphthong Positions," U E" position means on or 
touching the upper side of the line on which we 
write. All word signs must be placed on U E" posi- 
tion except those on joint position (explained in the 
next paragraph). (*) Word signs on "E" position 
may be followed by joint word signs, or any other 
word may be joined to them. 



A few word signs are, however, sometimes used on certain of the vowel posi- 
tions in writing phrases in very brief form. 



42 Lightning Lkgiblb Shorthand. 

Joint Position. 

Joint position is the end of any full word or 
phrase written in shorthand. A joint word sign is 
any word sign placed on joint position. A joint 
word sign must be preceded by some other character, 
and must be joined to the preceding character. It 
may be joined to any full word or phrase, and it may 
be joined to the end of a character, or a dash run- 
ning through a character. 

Learn thoroughly the words represented by word 
signs and use all of them in sentences. Make fifty 
shorthand copies of the sentences and give them to 
your teacher to be graded. Let each sentence contain 
as many as possible of the words represented by the 
word signs. 

The words in the first column are to be written 
by making the word signs representing them on "E" 
position. They are never joined to the preceding 
character. Those in the second column are to be 
written on joint position. Observe that have, if and 
of, words of very frequent occurrence, but words not 
easil} T confused, are written on either "E" position or 
on joint position. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



43 





E Position 


Joint Position 


11 


Have 

After 


Have 
And 


1 


Believe 
Business 


Be 
Before 


m 


Accommodate 

Consequent 

Consequence 


Assure 

As 


D 


Disappoint 
Disappointment 


Demonstrate 
Disadvantage 


e 


Accept 
Economy 


Economize 
Energetic 


H 


Inform 
If 


Favor 
If 


w 


Give 
Gentlemen 


Guarantee 
Judicious 


H 


Humiliate 
Hydraulic 


Hesitate 
Homogeneous 


II 


Inquire 
Immediate 


Investigate 
Illustration 


KQU 


Concentrate 
Courteous 


Consolidate 
Corporation 


I 


Eliminate 
Litigation 


Deliver 
Legitimate 


1 


Manipulate 
Maximum 


Manufacture 
Minimum 



44 



Lightning Lkgibte Shorthand. 



II 


Negotiate 
Necessary 


Notify 
Negligence 





Offer 

Of 


Object 
Of 


p 


Appreciate 
Position 


Purchase 
Particular 


r 


Rectify 
Recommendation 


Represent 
Reciprocity 


i 


Testify 
Temporarily 


Attribute 
To 


U-WH 


Utilize 
Utility 


Understand 
Unanimous 


1 


Watch 
Workmanship 


Want 
We 


hi 


Extinguish 
Executrix 


Explain 
Exaggeration 


fltffl 


Separate 
Character 


Shrink 
Successful 


8M 


Satisfy 
Satisfactory 


Stipulate 
Stenographer 


8K-1 


Scrutinize 
Square 


Squander 
Schedule 


SP-SPH 


Speculate 
Spasmodic 


Subpoena 
Instantaneous 


The 


S circle, the LY, etc. 


circle or any of the 


dashes may be used on a word 


sign to indicate the 


number or tense. 





Lightning Legible Shorthand. 45 

Phrasing. 

As you have already learned, all word signs are 
placed on "E" position except those on joint posi- 
tion. However, by using- certain of the word signs 
on the different vowel positions, we are enabled to 
write in exceedingly brief and compact form a num- 
ber of phrases which frequently occur. 

You learned in a preceding lesson that to make 
a half size or minute character heavy indicates that 
the letters represented by that character precede the 
vowel. Therefore, making word signs heavy shows 
that the word represented by the word sign precedes 
the vowel, thereby giving the word and the vowel 
represented by the position on which it is placed. 
For instance, G placed on U U" position and made 
heavy would indicate the phrase, give you. F placed 
on U I" position and made heavy would indicate the 
phrase, if I. F made heavy on "A" position indicates 
the phrase, if a. A made heavy on "TJ" position 
gives the phrase, have you. You see by the above 
illustrations that quite a number of important 
phrases can be formed in this way without impairing 
the legibility. 

If at any time you are in doubt as to the advisa- 
bility of using a certain word sign on a vowel posi- 
tion to represent a phrase, ask your teacher about 
the matter. Some of the characters may even be 
made half size or minute to indicate oft-recurring 



46 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

phrases. You have already learned that P on "U" 
position, half size represents the phrase, if you will. 
By using great care in forming your phrases, there 
are other word signs that you can use in the same 
way. 

EXERCISE I. 
Make fifty shorthand copies of the following 
letter and give to your teacher : 

Dear Sir : — We have a fine lawn mower of 
our own manufacture. If you are going to 
need anything of this kind in the near future, 
we shall be pleased to have you come in and 
see us about our mower. It is so simple 
that a small boy can manipulate it. 

We guarantee all our goods. If any of 
them should fail to prove satisfactory to 
you, we will appreciate it very much if you 
will notify us immediately so that we may 
rectify the wrong. 

Hoping to have the pleasure of having 
you call on us, we are, 

Yours truly, 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



47 



EXERCISE II. 

Transcribe the following letter and then make 
fifty shorthand copies of your transcript and give to 
your teacher. 



u- * <4f 



sU. 



r &z 




%y v 



7X 



^ 



«*% 



Review Questions. 

1. What part of speech is the first word of a 
word sign group, either on "E" position or 
joint position ? 

2. How may you distinguish word signs from 
other characters ? 



48 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

3. What is meant by "E" position word signs ? 

4. What is meant by joint position word signs ? 

5. What is the word sign for energetic ? 

6. How may a word sign be used to represent 
a phrase ? 

7. What is said of the S circle, the L,Y, etc. 
circle, and the dashes, in reference to word 
signs ? 

8. What are the word signs for the following 
words : Believe, homogeneous, consequence, 
negligence, reciprocity, and instantaneous ? 

NOTE TO THE TEACHER— Be sure to give students a thorough drill 
on the word signs. These are very important and should be completely 
mastered. 



LESSON VIII. 

Prefixes and Suffixes. 

Quite often long outlines may be shortened and 
simplified by the use of a few simple prefixes and 
suffixes. Prefixes are placed on the left, very close 
and near the top of a character ; and the suffixes are 
placed on the right, very close and near the top. 

A word may contain a prefix and a suffix, but 
should not contain two prefixes or two suffixes. It is 
usually better to write the stem of the word before 
writing the prefix. Writing the prefix first some- 
times makes it difficult to get the stem of the word 
on the right position. For instance, to write adver- 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 49 

tise, make T on U I" position with the S circle and 
then make A minute on the - 

left hand side, very close V — 
and near the top ; thus, 

The prefixes and suffixes are simply the charac- 
ters of the shorthand alphabet made minute. The 
letters of the shorthand alphabet are used for the 
reason that it is easier to retain the name of a short- 
hand letter and the prefix or suffix for which it stands 
than it is to retain the shape of some unfamiliar 
character and the name of the prefix or suffix which 
it represents. As soon as the letter is named the 
shape of that character is at once formed in the mind. 

Too much importance cannot be placed on this 
lesson, because it will enable you to shorten your out- 
lines as much as any other lesson in the book. 

Learn the following prefixes and suffixes thor- 
oughly : 

Prefixes. (*). Suffixes. 

A : ad, adver, anti, A : able, ible, 

B : be, de, B : bility, berty, 

C : circum, super, C : ance, ence, 

D : dis, discon, discom, D : up, 

E : em, en ; in, eng, E : ent, ant, estic, istic, 

F : for, fav, F : fication, dify, tify, 



* It will be noticed that a number of prefixes and suffixes of frequent occurrence 
are sot included in this list, for the reason that sufficient rules for the rapid writing of 
suck are given elsewhere in this book. 



50 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



G : agre, agri, 




G : graph, guish, 


H : hypo, hydro, 






I : inter, incooi, incon, incor, 


I : ical, icle, 


K : col, com, con, 




K : shy, thy, 


L : il, counter, 




L : less, lify, rify, 


M : mag, mis, 




M : ment, 


N : un, 




N : ness, ius, 


O : oper, over, 




: ous, eous, ious, 


T : trans, 




R : arity, erity, ority, 


W : under, 




T : tive, tious, cious, 


X : ex, 




W : ward, uate, ulate, 


ST : sub, sug, sup, 


sur, 


X : by, py, 


SH : ab, ap, ob, op, 


i 


SH : cient, tient, ship, 


SK : pre, pro, per, 


pur, 


ST : fy, vy. 



Either the S circle or the LY, etc. circle may be 
added to a suffix. Also the suffix may be followed by 
the ING dot. 

EXERCISE I. 

Make five shorthand copies of the following 
words and give them to your teacher : Admirable, 
advertisement, admissible, deserve, behind, circum- 
stance, supersede, distinguish, discommode, discon- 
cert, emblematical, entireness, English, forbearance, 
favorite, agriculture, aggregate, hypochondriacal, hy- 
drometry, interference, incompetent, compatibility, 
illegality, miscellaneous, untrue, operation, over- 
whelm, recognize, translucent, sufficient, abstract, ex- 
pense, undertake, marshy, ruby, happy. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 51 



Review Questions. 

1. Where is a prefix placed ? 

2. What size character is used to make a 
prefix? 

3. What is said about the stem of a word being- 
made before the prefix ? 

4. Where is the suffix placed ? 

5. What is said about using two prefixes and 
two suffixes in the same word ? 

6. Is it permissible to use a prefix and a suffix 
on the same word ? 

7. May an S circle be added to a suffix ? 

8. What character is used to indicate the 
suffix -guish ? 

9. May a suffix be followed by an ING dot ? 
10. May a word sign or any other character be 

added to a suffix ? 



LESSON IX. 

Miscellaneous Helps. 
Dollars and Cents, 

A numeral placed on "I" position represents the 
number of dollars indicated by the numeral. A nu- 
meral placed on U A" position indicates cents. For 
instance, to write $25.15, place 25 in the line and 15 
on "A" position. 

"E" position is used for ordinary numbers. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



A numeral placed on "O" position indicates the 
rate per cent represented by the numeral. If this is 
to represent a certain discount, make D minute very 
close and near the top of the numeral on the right 
hand side. If it is a certain rate of interest, use I 
minute very close and near the top of the numeral on 
the right hand side. 

A numeral on "U" position indicates the number 
of pounds represented by the numeral. 

Dating. 

A numeral on "I" position has of the understood 
before it and inst after it. A numeral on "O" posi- 
tion means, of the ultimo. 

Thus to write of the 25th inst., make 25 on "I" 
position. To write of the 25th ultimo, make 25 on 
4t O" position. 

Introductory Phrases. 

It is not well to use any set phrase to introduce 
letters, but quite often a stenographer has to take 
dictation from an employer who uses a few set 
phrases. In w T hich case, it is well to have some short 
outlines for such phrases. 

The following illustrations are given merely to 
assist the pupil in forming outlines for a few phrases- 
which are often used. Do not make any outlines 
that are not in accordance with the rules given in 
this book. 



t iJ If 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 53 

To write, we have your esteemed favor of the 
15th inst, and contents duly noted, place W on "E" 
position, strike F off for favor, make ST minute near 
the center on the natural side of F for esteemed, 
place 15 in the line, just under the F for of the 15th 
inst, make the K hook on F for 
contents, strike N off for noted, 
make the D dash through the left' 
hand side of N for duly; thus, 

You will notice that have and your are left out 
between we and favor, because context will readily 
show that these two words are understood. STM 
used in connection with F at such a place could mean 
nothing else but esteemed. 15 on "I" position means 
of the 1 5th inst. 

The K hook may be used on a character in an 
introductory phrase to represent contents or ques- 
tion. It would be question if made on the phrase td 
your, but is nearly always contents. 

N may be used on any phrase of this kind to 
represent noted, and the D dash may be used on the 
left hand side of the character to represent duly. 

To write, we received your letter of the 29th 
ultimo, make W on U E" position, 
the S circle for received, (*) L struck / jL^ 
off for letter and 29 on "O" posi- 'Jjf 

tion for of the 29th ultimo ; thus, 

* An S circle maybe used on any character for RECEIVED. 



54 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

To write, in response to your kind communica- 
tion of the 15th, make SP on "O" 

position minute for N, S circle, \ *£ 

K struck off and K book on the (&•=* 
K character, 15 on the line ; thus, 

By studying the above closely, you should be 
able to formulate correct outlines for all similar 
phrases. 

Complimentary Closing, 

Make Y full size on "U" position with S circle 
for yours truly. For yours very truly, make Y half 
size with the S circle on "U" position. For very 
truly yours, make Y minute with S circle on "U" po- 
sition. For truly, make T half size on "U" position 
with LY circle. Respectfully is F on "U" position 
full size with the LY circle. Very respectfully, is 
written F on "U" position, half size with the LY 
circle. Most respectfully, should be written F «n 
"IT" position, minute with LY, etc., circle. Res- 
pectfully yours, very respectfully yours and most 
respectfully yours, are all written in the same 
way, except the LY, etc. circle is changed to a loop. 
Yours respectfully is written F beginning with 
the S circle on the natural side for yours and ending 
with the LY, etc. circle. Yours very respectfully is 
written in the same way except that the F is made 
half size; yours most respectfully, in the same man- 



Lightening Legible Shorthand. 55 

ner except that the F is made minute. All these 
characters are on "U" position. 

The Long Sound of Vowels. 

It is sometimes convenient to have some mark to 
distinguish the long sound of vowels. But inas- 
much as our books and newspapers are published 
without diacritical marks, it is evident that such 
marks are not often essential to the meaning. The 
same is true in shorthand, and therefore, none should 
be used unless absolutely necessary. When neces- 
sary, however, a dot on the unnatural side near the 
center of the character may be used to indicate the 
long sound of the vowel. A dash in this same position 
indicates that the character is intended for the second 
letter or digraph of a group character. For instance, 
to show that D minute on "I" position is for died in- 
stead of did, make a dot on the unnatural side near 
the center of the D, and to show that the character 
CH-SH minute on "A" position is shade instead of 
Chad, make a dash on the unnatural side near the 
center to indicate that the character is intended for 
SH instead of CH. (*) 

K and M Followed by M, and G- J Followed by E. 

When K or M is followed by M, drop a very 
short line from the character and strike M off this 



These markings are not often necessary for the reason that context will usually 
tiring out the meaning. 



56 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

line. For instance, to write claimed, make K on "A n 
position half size for L, and drop a 

very short line from the K and strike ^^ 

M off this line minute for D ; thus, " 

To write Mormon, make M on "O" position, half 
size for R, drop a very short line 

from the half size M and strike M 

off this line, minute for N , thus, 

To write Jewel, make J full 
size on "LP position, strike a very 
short line off the right and strike 
E down half size for L ; thus, 



\ 



To write gentlemen economize, make G on U E' 
position a little more than full size 
for gentlemen, strike a very short 
line off to the right, and strike E 
down from this line a little more 
than full size for economize ; thus, 

Phrasing by Contraction. 

Often a long phrase may be made with a very 
short outline. Much care should be used in forming 
phrases, but w T hen a phrase can be formed with an 
outline clear enough to indicate all the parts of the 
phrase, it is a convenient way of increasing speed. As 
soon as is written S on joint position for as, made 
minute for N and the S circle added for the other as, 
thus making s-n-s, (as soon as). This same char- 
acter with the P circle or P character, whichever is 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 57 

more convenient to make, is as soon as possible. The 

same character with the K hook or the K character 
(whichever is more easily made), is as soon as con- 
venient. S on joint position for as half size for L, 
the S circle for another as gives s-l-s (as well as). S 
on joint position for as, G hook, S circle on G hook 
gives the phrase, as good as, 

These phrases will enable you to form others, 
but much discretion should be used in forming the 
outlines, and when you form an outline, read and re- 
read it until it is as familiar to you as the most com- 
mon words. 

Review Questions. 

1. How are dollars and cents indicated ? 

2. What position is used for ordinary numbers ? 

3. What position is used for per cent ? For 
pounds ? 

4. How is discount indicated ? Interest ? 
Dating ? 

5. How is the phrase, "We are in receipt of 
your highly appreciated favor of the 16th 
inst., and duly note contents," written ? 

6. How is the phrase, "Yours most respect- 
fully," written ? 

7. How is the long sound of vowels indi- 
cated ? 

8. How may the second letter or digraph of a 
group character be indicated ? 



58 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

9. What is said about M following K or M ? 
E following G ? 
10. How is the phrase, "As soon as convenient," 
written ? 



LESSON X. 

Synopsis of the Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

Make and hand to your teacher five shorthand 
copies of the following letter : 

Dear Sir : — In response to your request for an 
outline of the Lightning Legible Shorthand, I offer 
the following synopsis : 

Our book contains ten lessons. In the first les- 
son the alphabet is thoroughly explained. It contains 
twenty-four characters, and unlike the alphabets of 
other systems, every character is different from any 
other character. There are eleven oblique charac- 
ters, four perpendicular, and nine horizontal or sur- 
face. Every character in the alphabet may be made 
in two directions, thereby enabling the writer to 
make each in the direction most convenient to him. 
The right side of E, G-J and ST-SW, the inside of 
curved characters, and the underside of SK-SQU 
and all other characters is the natural side. 

Lesson II treats of how to spell in shorthand 
and how to distinguish which letter or digraph of a 
group character is intended when such letter or di- 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 59 

graph is used as an initial. Placing the character 
above the line and retracing it on the natural side 
indicates the first letter or digraph represented by 
the character; placing it through the line, the second 
letter or digraph; and below the line, the third letter 
or digraph. 

Lesson III treats of vowels and diphthongs. 
About one-fourth of an inch above the red line in or- 
dinary shorthand tablets is "A" position ; touching 
or nearly touching the line on the upper side is "E" 
position ; in or through the line is "I" position ; 
touching or nearly touching the line on the lower 
side is "O" position ; below the line about one-fourth 
of an inch is "U" position. Any character made on 
any of these positions means that character followed 
by the vowel represented by the position on which 
the character is placed. The positions, "A," 'T' and 
"O" are also used for diphthong positions ; that is, by 
placing a character on U A" position and making a 
dot on the natural side near the center of the charac- 
ter the diphthong, AU-AW is formed. A character 
treated the same way on "I" position forms the diph- 
thong, OI-OY, and on u O" position the diphthong 
OU-OW. 

F, V, X and SP, when occurring in the body of 
a word, are struck off of the character preceding. 

The phrase, "Do you," is formed by making D 
on U U" position ; "To you," by making T on "U" 



60 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

position ; and "If you," by making P on "U" po- 
sition. 

Lesson IV treats of half size and minute char- 
acters. Making a character half size adds L, R, T, 
or TH ; making it minute adds M, N, or D. Placing 
a dot on the natural side near the end of a half size 
or minute character adds L ; placing it on the unnat- 
ural side near the end adds R ; and placing it directly 
on the end adds T or TH. Making a dash in the 
direction of A through a half size or minute charac- 
ter adds D ; making a dash in the direction of O adds 
N ; and a dash perpendicular to the character adds 
M. Two dots, two dashes or a dot and a dash should 
not be made on the same character. It is better to 
make the character representing the first part of the 
word half size or minute, then strike the other char- 
acter off from it half size or minute to represent the 
last part of the word. If two of the letters of the 
half size or minute character precede the vowel 
represented by the position on which the character is 
placed, make the character heavy by bearing harder 
on your pen or pencil. 

A check mark opening to the right is used for 
A, AU, AW. A check mark opening to the left is 
used for U. These check marks may be used at the 
beginning, in the body or at the end of a word. 

Retracing a character on the unnatural side adds 
either of the syllables, -tion or -shal. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 61 

A dot following the end of a character adds the 
syllable, -ing or -thing. If this syllable comes between 
two syllables, make the character representing the 
first syllable, leave a small space or break, then add 
the last syllable. The space between the two char- 
acters indicates the syllable -ing. 

The phrase, "If you will," may be written by 
making F on "U" position half size for L. Other 
phrases may be written in the same manner by judi- 
ciously developing rules. 

Lesson V teaches the necessity of joining one 
character to another and also the benefits to be de- 
rived from phrasing. 

Lesson VI treats of hooks, circles and loops. To 
add S to a character, make a small circle on the nat- 
ural side. A small circle on the unnatural side adds 
LY, RY, TY, CY, SY, and ZY. Changing either of 
these circles to a loop forms the plural. If -ing 
occurs between the character and either of these 
circles, make a space between the character and the 
circle. 

A dash made perpendicular to and directly on 
the end of a character adds I. A hook on the natu- 
ral, side of a character adds G and on the unnatural 
side adds K. These hooks are never made half size. 
A large circle on the natural side adds CH or SH 
and on the unnatural side adds P or B. These circles 
may be made half size, but should never be made 
minute. 



62 Lightning Lkgiblk Shorthand. 

Lesson VII treats of word signs. Every char- 
acter in the alphabet is used on U E" position or joint 
position as a word sign. On "E" position it repre- 
sents a verb and some other part of speech, also a 
verb and some other part of speech on joint position. 
"E" position means that the character is placed on 
"E" position. Joint position means that the charac- 
ter is joined to some preceding character. A fol- 
lowing character may be joined to an "E" position 
word sign, but an a E" position word sign is never 
joined to any preceding character. 

By using the characters of the alphabet in this 
way, we get nearly a hundred words that are easy to 
memorize and that generally require long outlines. 

Lesson VIII treats of the prefixes and suffixes. 
Twenty characters of the alphabet are used as pre- 
fixes. The character is made minute and placed very 
close and near the top on the left hand side of the 
character to which it is prefixed. Nineteen of the 
characters of the alphabet are used as suffixes. They 
are made minute and placed very close and near the 
top on the right hand side of the character to which 
they are suffixed. These form prefixes and suffixes 
that are very easily memorized, and the stenographer 
is enabled to shorten his outlines by their use. 

Lesson IX treats of miscellaneous helps. "A" 
position is used to represent cents, "E" position for 
ordinary numbers, "I" position for dollars, and the 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 63 

phrase, "of the inst.," "O" position for per cent, and 
the phrase, "of the ultimo," "U" position for pounds. 

If it is necessary to indicate the long sound of a 
vowel, make a dot on the unnatural side near the 
center of the character. 

If it is necessary to know that a character is in- 
tended to represent the second letter or digraph of a 
group character, make a dash on the unnatural side. 

If character K or character M is followed by 
character M, drop a very short line from the end of 
preceding character, and strike the character M off 
to the right. If the character G-J or character E is 
followed by character E, strike a very short line off 
the end of the preceding character to the right, and 
strike the E down from this short line. 

The phrase, "as soon as possible," is written by 
making S on joint position minute for N and the 
S circle with P struck off or with the P circle. A 
number of other important phrases may be written 
by developing rules in a similar manner. 

Lesson X is this synopsis with a complete set of 
review questions. 



NOTE TO TEACHER— The above letter should be dictated to the 
pupil once a week during the entire course. Try to increase the speed 
every week so that by the time the student will have finished his course 
in shorthand, he will be able to take this letter at a very high rate of speed. 



64 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

Review Questions. 

1. Name the oblique characters of the al- 
phabet. 

2. How many perpendicular characters in the 
alphabet ? 

3. How many surface characters ? 

4. Which is the natural side of a character ? 

5. Where a character is used as an initial, how 
may we know which letter or digraph it is 
intended to represent ? 

6. Describe the vowel positions ? 

7. Name and describe the diphthong positions. 

8. What letters are added when a character 
is made half size ? 

9. What letters are added when a character is 
made minute ? 

10. Tell how L, R, T and TH are added to half 
size or minute characters. 

11. Tell how M, N and D are added to half size 
or minute characters. 

12. Tell what is said about making two dots, 
two dashes or a dot and a dash on the same 
character. 

13. What is used to represent A, AU or AW ? 

14. A check mark opening to the left represents 
what ? 

15. How are the syllables -tion and -shal indi- 
cated ? 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 65 

16. How are the syllables -ing and -thing added? 

17. What is said about one of these syllables 
occurring - between two syllables ? 

18. How is the phrase, "we would" written ? 

19. How do you add S, LY, RY, TY, SY, CY, 
and ZY to a character ? 

20. How is the plural indicated when one of 
these circles is used on the character? 

21. How do you add SH, CH, B and P to a 
character ? 

22. What does a dash perpendicular to and 
directly on the end of the character repre- 
sent ? 

23. Tell how to add K to a character ? 

24. What is meant by U E}" position and joint 
position ? 

25. Define prefixes and suffixes. 

26. What positions are used for dollars and 
cents ? 

27. How do you indicate the long sound of the 
vowel and how is the second letter or di- 
graph of a group character indicated ? 

28. Tell what is said about character M fol- 
lowing character K and character M, also 
character E following character G-J or 
character E. 

29. Tell how the phrase, "we are in receipt of 
your esteemed favor of the 15th inst.," is 
written. 



66 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

30. How should the word signs be made in 
order to distinguish them from the ordinary 
characters ? 



Suggestions to Stenographers. 

Many stenographers write the names of persons 
and cities in longhand, but this should never be done. 
A shorthand that will not enable the stenographer to 
write anything in shorthand has something wrong 
with it. It may be necessary to make the outline a 
little longer than usual in order to get the proper 
spelling of the w^ord, but any word that can be writ- 
ten in longhand can be written in the Lightning 
Legible Shorthand. 

A proper name that is liable to be confused with 
some other name should not be written by using full 
size, half size, and minute characters, but all the 
characters in the outline should be written small, and 
enough of the characters, representing the letters in 
the word, should be made in the outline to make it 
perfectly plain. 

The first vowel in a proper name may be indi- 
cated by beginning the outline on that vowel position. 
If two of the characters in the outline precede the 
vowel, make the first character up and strike the 
second character off from it. If only the first char- 
acter precedes the vowel, be certain to strike it 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 67 

down. This method should be used when perpendic- 
ular and oblique characters are the beginning- char- 
acters. If both the characters are surface charac- 
ters, made from left to right and both precede the 
vowel, strike the second character to the left; if only 
the first character precedes the vowel, strike the 
second character to the right. 

By using the small circle for S and making a 
character heavy when it is to represent the last letter 
or digraph of a group character and following the 
foregoing explanations very closely, every character 
in any outline used to write proper names can be 
readily discerned. 

To indicate that the outline is a proper name, 
retrace the last character on the natural side. If the 
name ends in -ing or -ings, make the retrace on the 
character preceding the last syllable. 

The G hook, the K hook, the A check mark, the 
I dash and the U check mark may be used in any of 
these outlines instead of the letters they represent. 
In using the hook for G and J, make it heavy when 
intended for J, and make the K hook heavy when it 
is intended for "W." 

Examples — To write Belasco, strike B down on 
E position, L off from B, A off from L with S 
circle, C off the S circle, and strike O off from C and 
retrace the O on the natural side. To write Knicker- 
bocker; make N on I position, the K hook on the N, 



68 Lightning IyKGiBLE Shorthand. 

R down, B up, O off of B, the K hook on O, R off 
the K hook and retrace the R on the natural side. 
This word is not spelled out in full, but is given to 
show that it is necessary to make onlj- as much of 
the outline as is needed to make the word plain. 

NOTE. — If it is a peculiar name not liable to be found in a standard 
dictionary or a biograhplcal dictionary, ask the person who is dictating 
how to spell the name, and then make the outline so that you will be able 
to spell the name correctly when you transcribe your notes. 

To write Bradley, make B on A position, strike R 
off from the top of B, D down off the R, L off from D, 
I down, and retrace the I on the natural side. The B 
and R both precede A in this word. The I should 
be made heavy to indicate that it is intended for Y. 

By practicing proper names a little every day, 
they will soon become as easy to write as any other 
word. Make a firm resolution now and stick to it, 
that you will never write any longhand in your short- 
hand notes. 

Make and give to your teacher five shorthand 
copies of the following words: Knickerbocker, Ham- 
burger, Wanamaker, Metropolitan, Minneapolis, Ba- 
ton Rouge, Montgomery, Schnider, Schmidt, Sullen- 
berger, Horowitz. 

Stenographers and Typewriters Price List. 

The following is given, not as a fixed rule, but 
one by which the stenographer and typewriter may 
make a schedule of his own typewriting. 

Charge five cents per folio, that is, five cents tor 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 69 

each 100 words; this would amount to about ten 
cents for each letter page and fifteen cents for a legal 
page. A letter page is usually 8}4 by 11 inches. Be 
certain to leave a wide margin so your work will have 
a neat appearance. Begin legal papers about 2% 
inches from the top so as to accommodate the lap 
over the cover that is placed on documents for pro- 
tection. They are called manuscript covers and are 
8% by 15 inches. 

These prices are for regular spacing: for single 
spacing, all prices should be doubled as twice the 
amount can then be put on a page. 

For triple spacing a reduction of about one-third 
may be made, as there is not so much writing in 
triple spacing as in double spacing. This would 
make a letter page of triple spacing amount to about 
eight cents and eleven or twelve cents for legal page. 

Where much of the work is figure w^ork the 
price should be increased about 50%, thus, a letter 
page would amount to fifteen cents and a legal page 
about 22/^ cents. 

A charge of five cents a copy should be made for 
carbon copies. Ten copies of very thin paper are 
about as many as can be made. 

If the work is technical or very poor copy that 
is badly written or difficult to copy, a charge of 50 
cents an hour should be made. 

Dictation on the machine should also be charged 
for at the rate of 50 cents an hour. 



70 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

Taking dictation in shorthand should be charged 
for at the same rate. 

The stenographer and typewriter is supposed to 
furnish all material, unless the customer prefers to 
furnish his personal letter heads. 

A charge of $3.00 a 1000 should be made for di- 
recting envelopes. If there are 50,000 or more to 
direct, the price may be $2.50 a 1000. If the type- 
writer has to pick out certain professions the price 
should be from $3.50 to $4.00 a 1000. 

Directing envelopes with pen and ink should be 
charged for at the rate of $1.00 to $1.50 a 1000. 

Court Reporter's Rates. 

The following is the schedule of minimum rates 
recommended for expert reporting, law, and general 
work, by the National Shorthand Reporters' Asso- 
ciation : 

For reporting and furnishing original transcript, 
25 cents per folio; and for each additional copy, made 
at the same time as the original, at least five cents 
per folio. 

An attendance fee of $5.00, where no notes are 
taken, or where the folios at the rate charged do not 
amount to $5.00. (A reasonable notice to a stenog- 
rapher that a case has been adjourned will save to 
the parties the charge of an attendance fee.) 

Argument in law cases, and all reporting of 
scientific or technical subjects (owing to the special 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 71 

skill and great care required), subject to an additional 
charge. 

Where a copy of a report is taken b} T a person 
not sharing in the cost of the original transcript, if 
ordered in time to be made with the original, the 
charge to be not less than ten^cents per folio. 

All papers copied into the record to be charged 
for at full rates per folio. 

In case the note taking is made more than ten 
miles from the place of employment, each stenog- 
rapher taking the notes to be allowed mileage over 
the shortest usually traveled route at the rate of 8 
cents per mile going to the place of taking said notes, 
and $3 a day as expenses while necessarily kept away 
from the place of employment. 

Exchange Rates Between Members for Reporting. 

For the original, of testimon) r , 15 cents per folio; 
argument and scientific or technical work, 20 cents 
per folio. 

For the first extra copy, 3 cents per folio. 

For each cop\ 7 above two, the charge to be 2 
cents per folio. 

Attendance fee, $2.50, to be paid whenever a 
stenographer makes an attendance, or, by accepting 
an engagement, has lost other work. 

Where papers form a portion of the record, the 
stenographer reporting the case to be entitled to the 
full exchange rates. In case of doubt as to ability 



72 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

to collect for such matters, settlement for that por- 
tion of the work may be suspended until actual col- 
lection, such settlement to be made in proportion to 
the rate collected. 

For relieving court stenographers: $8 per diem 
attendance (or $5 for half a day), and 10 cents per 
folio for one and 5 cents per folio for each additional 
copy, except where a daily transcript is furnished, 
for which agreement beforehand, no per diem charge, 
the stenographer doing the work to retain all tran- 
script fees. 

Members of the Association, in employing ste- 
nographic assistance, to give preference to their asso- 
ciates in the organization." 

Punctuation. 

Punctuation is the art of dividing written lan- 
guage by points or stops so as to clearl}^ show the 
sense and relation of words, and to note the different 
pauses and inflections required in reading. 

Punctuation is not used to-day as it was in the 
past, nor as it will be used in the future. The best 
way to learn it, is by reading standard literature and 
observing the punctuation marks therein. 

Most manuals of punctuation have so many rules 
that they often prove confusing rather than an aid. 
Reading good literature one week and closely observ- 
ing the marks of punctuation used therein, will prove 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 73 

more beneficial than to study a month memorizing 
rules of punctuation. 

The following rules are compiled from the best 
modern authorities and will prove very helpful if 
studied by applying them to punctuation used in the 
best literature. 

The Period. 

Rule 1. A period should be placed after every 
declarative and imperative simple, complex, and com- 
pound sentence. 

Examples, — The sun is bright. 
Obey the command. 

Rule 2. A period should be used after all abbre- 
viations. 

Examples,— Messrs. Ph. B., B. C. L,. 

NOTE 1. — The Roman numerals were formerly followed by periods, 
but this usage is almost obsolete. 

NOTE 2. — A nickname; as, Sam, Bill and Tom, is not an abbreviation 
therefore, should not be followed by a period. 

The Colon. 

A colon is used before a long direct quotation. 
Example, — His reply w^as this : "Millions for 
defense but not one cent for tribute." — Pinkney. 

NOTE 1. — If a quotation is very short and there is no special signifi- 
cance, a comma may be used instead" of a colon ; as, — 

He said, "Thou art the man." 

NOTE 2.— If a quotation is of considerable length or begins a new 
paragraph, it should be preceded by both a colon and a dash ; as, — 

After the meeting was called to order he arose and said ;— 

"Ladies and gentlemen, I am glad to be with you to-night." 

Rule 2. A colon may be used to separate parts 



74 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

of a complex sentence when a semicolon is needed to 
separate the minor sentences; as, — 

"As we perceive the shadow to have moved along 
the dial, but did not perceive it moving; and it ap- 
pears that the grass has grown, though nobody 
ever saw it grow : so the advances we make in 
knowledge, as they consist of such insensible steps, 
are only perceivable by the distance." 

NOTE.— The colon is sometimes used in the following ways : 1. To 
separate closely connected sentences. 2. To separate from a sentence, 
complete in itself, an additional clause of inference or explanation, the 
connecting word (which would usually be for, but, or yet) being omitted ; 
as,— 

Apply yourself to study : (for) it will bring you honor. 

Rule 3. A colon is usually placed after yes and 
no when in answer to a question; as, — 

Does America defend her citizens ? Yes : she 
does; she has always done it. 

NOTE.— If yes and no are followed by some noun in the vocative 
case, a comma should follow yes or no, and a colon should be placed after 
the noun ; as, — 

Yes, sir : I am ready to defend the principle for which I stand. 

Rule 4. A colon should usually follow the salu- 
tation of a letter; as, — 
Dear Sir : 

The Semicolon. 

Rule 1. A semicolon should be placed before 
as, to-wit, viz., namely, thus, that is, and such ex- 
pressions when they introduce an example or illustra- 
tion; as, — 

Every solid has three dimensions; namely, length, 
breadth, and thickness. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 75 

Rule 2. A semicolon should be placed before the 
end of a sentence which shows that another sentence 
follows; as, — 

"Tic-tac, tic-tac, go the wheels of thought; our 
will cannot stop them; they cannot stop themselves; 
sleep cannot still them; madness only makes them go 
faster; death alone can break into the case." 

Rule 3. A semicolon should be used between 
short sentences which have a slight connection with 
each other; as, — 

Stones grow; vegetables grow and live; animals 
grow, live and eat. 

The Interrogation Point. 

An interrogation point should be placed after 
every direct question and after the interjections eh, 
and hey, when they imply a question; as, — 

Will you furnish me more of this brand at the 
same price ? 

NOTE 1. — If several consecutive questions are in the same sentence, 
but require only one answer, all except the last one may be followed by 
commas, and it should be followed by an interrogation point. 

NOTE 2. — A question mark may also be the length of a semicolon. 

Rule 2. A question mark in parenthesis, signi- 
fies doubt; as, — 

Your friend (?) told me this. 



76 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

The Exclamation Point. 

Rule 1. An exclamation point is used after all 
exclamatory sentences and after interjections; as, — 
How disgusting is vice ! 

NOTE 1. — When an exclamation is repeated several times, a comma, 
should be placed after all except the last, and it should be followed by the 
exclamation point. 

NOTE 2. — When the expression is exceedingly strong, two or more 
exclamation points may be used. 

The Comma. 

Rule 1. A phrase out of its natural order 
should be set off by a comma; as, — 

From the mountain, from the river, from the hill, 
and from the plain, we are sweeping to the rescue. 

NOTE. — The comma after plain is the one intended to illustrate the 
above rule. 

Rule 2. Introductory words or phrases should 
be set off by commas; as, — 

In fact, he has done nothing for six months. 

Rule 3. An explanatory modifier when it does 
not restrict the modified term should be enclosed in 
commas; as, — 

The order, to fire, was given. 

Rule 4. Parenthetical expressions and their fol- 
lowing words when used as such should be set off by 
commas; as, — 

The rule, though very hard, is a good one. 

Rule 5. Connected words and phrases, unless 
the conjunctions are expressed, should be set off by 
commas. The commas after mountain, river, and 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 77 

hill in the example under rule 1, are good illustra- 
tions of this rule. 

Rule 6. If a direct quotation is not formally 
introduced, it should be preceded by a comma; as, — 

Patrick Henry began his celebrated speech by 
saying, "It is natural to man to indulge in the illu- 
sions of hope." 

Rule 7. A comma should follow as, viz., to-wit, 
namely, and that is, when they introduce expressions; 
as,— 

We will promote the man; that is, if he is 
worthy. 

Rule 8. When the auxiliary precedes the prin- 
cipal sentence in a complex sentence, the parts should 
be separated by a comma; as, — 

If the messenger calls, give him the letter. 

Rule 9. A direct address should be followed by 
a comma; as, — 

I rise Mr. President, to a point of order. 

Rule 10. An intermediate expression having little 
connection with the rest of the sentence, should be 
enclosed in commas; as, — 

Then came Jesus, the doors being shut, and stood 
in the midst. 

Rule 11. In continued sentences, having a com- 
mon verb, which is expressed in one of the members, 
but is not expressed in the others, the omission of the 
verb should be indicated by a comma; as, — 



78 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

Setnirainis built Babylon; Dido, Carthage; and 
Romulus, Rome. 

Rule 12. When words or phrases are in pairs, 
place a comma after each pair; as, — 

The poor and the rich, the weak and the strong, 
the young and the old, have one common Father. 

Rule 13. When a noun is in apposition with 
some preceding noun or pronoun, it should be en- 
closed in commas, and if it has an adjunct consisting 
of several words, they should also be enclosed in 
commas with it; as, — 

Virgil, the chief poet among the Romans, was 
fond of rural life. 

Rule 14. A long subject should be followed by 
a comma ; as, — 

That stars are suns, is taught by astronomers. 

The Dash. 

Rule 1. When the construction of a sentence is 
abruptly broken the parts should be separated by the 
dash; as, — 

We have learned a bitter lesson — let us bury the 
past. 

Rule 2. A dash should be used after as, namely, 
etc. when the enumeration thus introduced begins oa 
the next line; also, to separate the name of an author 
from an extract from his writings. 

The illustration of the foregoing rules, are good 
examples of this rule. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 79 

Rule 3. When a succession of particulars are all 
summed up into some emphatic general expression 
which includes them all, a dash should separate them 
from the general expression; as — 

He was witty, learned, industrious, plausible — 
everything but honest 

Rule 4. If a question and answer are in the 
same line or paragraph, a dash should be placed be- 
tween the interrogation point and the answer; as, — 

Are you acquainted with the defendant? — I am. 

Rule 5. If the parenthetical expression is strong, 
enclose it in dashes instead of commas or parenthe- 
ses; as, — 

With a firm step — for he was brave — he ad- 
vanced. 

The Parentheses. 

Marks of parentheses are used to enclose words 
which explain, modify, or add to the main proposi- 
tion, when so introduced as to break the connection 
between dependent parts and interfere with the har- 
monious flow; as, — 

The Saxons (for they are descended from the an- 
cient Sace) retained for centuries the energy and 
morality of their ancestors. 

The Brackets. 

Brackets are used principally in quoted passages 
to enclose words, improperly omitted or added by 
way of correction, observation, or explanation; as, — 

A soft answer [turns] away wrath. 



80 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

The Brace. 

The brace is used to connect several terms to 
something to which they are all related; as, — 
B. R. Stroud. 
S. M. Comb. 
Committee. ^ D. R. Glass. 
| S. P. Max. 
t Geo. Bell. 

The Apostrophe. 

The apostrophe denotes the omission of a letter 
or letters, and the possessive case of nouns. 

Examples. — 'Tis for it is; e'en for even; don't 
for do not; o'clock for on (the) clock. So in the pos- 
sessive : hero's, Charles', men's, heroes', children's. 

Pronouns never take the apostrophe in the pos- 
sessive case. 

The Hyphen. 

The hyphen is used to connect the elements of a 
compound word, when each retains it own accent. 

Example. — Castle-builder, father-in-law. 

The hyphen is also used after a complete syllable 
at the end of a line, to connect the parts of a divided 
word; also to denote that the final vowel of a prefix 
does not form a diphthong with the first vowel of a 
primitive; but in this latter case a mark of diaeresis 
is more appropriate. 

Example. — Pre-engagement, re-establish (preen- 
gagement, reestablish.) 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 81 

Quotation Points. 

Quotation points are used to inclose words 
quoted from an author or speaker, or represented in 
narrative as employed in dialogue. 

Example. — "Remember now thy Creator in the 
days of thy youth." 

When the substance merely is given, and not the 
exact words, quotation points are unnecessary. 

Matter within quotation points is to be punctu- 
ated just as if it stood in any other position. 

When quotation points are needed at the end of 
a sentence, they come after whatever other point is 
required there if this point applies to the quotation 
alone, but before this point if it applies to the whole 
sentence and not exclusively to the quotation. 

Example.— Pilate asked, u What is truth?" 
Where now is the "man of destiny"? 

When a quotation incloses within it another 
quotation, the external quotation has the double 
marks, and the one included has only the single marks. 

Example. — It has been well said, "The command, 
"Thou shalt not kill,' forbids many crimes besides 
that of murder." 

If the enclosed or secondary quotation ends a 
sentence, three apostrophes will there come together, 
of which the first will belong to the inclosed quota- 
tion, and the other two to the original. When an in- 
closed quotation itself contains words or phrases 



82 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

that are quoted, those words or phrases have the 
double marks. 

Example. — "French says, 'What a lesson the 
word "Diligence" contains!'" 

When the sentence becomes more involved than 
this, the additional marks of quotation would create 
confusion, and may therefore be omitted. 

Accent Marks. 

Accent marks are used to denote the proper pro- 
nunciation of words. They are: — 

The Acute (') which marks the syllable which 
requires the principal stress in pronunciation; or to 
denote a rising inflection of the voice, or a close or 
short vowel. 

The Grave (') is used in opposition to the 
acute to distinguish an open or long vowel, or to de- 
note the falling inflection of the voice. 

The Circumflex ( v ) generally denotes a broad 
sound or combination of the acute and grave. 

The Breve (~) is used to denote either a close 
vowel or a syllable of short quantity. 

The Macron (-) is used to denote either an open 
vowel or a syllable of long quantity. 

The Diaeresis (") is placed over the latter of 
two vowels to show that they are to be pronounced 
in separate syllables, as aerial. In German this char- 
acter is called the Umlaut, and denotes a modification 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 83 

of the sound of a vowel over which it is placed, pecu- 
liar to the Germanic languages. 

The Cedilla (,) is placed under the letter c to 
give it the sound of s before a or o; as in the words 
facade, Alencon. 

The Tilde (~) is placed over the letter n in 
Spanish words to give it the sound ny; as, Senor, 
minon. 

Other Marks. 

The Ellipsis or Suppression (***) denotes the 
omission of some letters or words. 

Examples. — K — g, for King; G****m, for Gra- 
ham; A. . .s, for Adams; H-m-hr-y, for Humphrey. 

The Caret, ( A ) used only in writing, shows where 
to insert words or letters that have been accidentally 
omitted. 

The Section (§) marks the smaller divisions of a 
book or chapter, and, with the help of number, serves 
to abridge references. 

The Paragraph (T) denotes the commencement of 
a new subject. The parts of discourse which are 
called paragraphs are in general sufficiently distin- 
guished by beginning a new line and carrying the 
first word a little backwards. 

Leaders ( ) are used in contents of indexes 

of books and similar matter to lead the eye to the 
end of the line for the completion of the sense. 

Example. — Wharfage $S0. 



84 Lightning Legible Shorthand. 

Capitalization. 

Rule 1. The first word of every sentence and of 
every line of poetry should begin with a capital. 

Rule 2. The first word in every quotation that 
forms a sentence should begin with a capital. 

Rule 3. The names of persons and places and 
all other proper nouns should begin w T ith capitals. 

Rule 4. Begin with a capital the names of 
cities, countries, state and national official bodies, de- 
partments of the government, and official titles of 
public officers, when those titles precede the name of 
the officer. 

Rule 5. The first letter in the names of all or- 
ganized bodies, companies and political organizations 
should begin with a capital. 

Rule 6. The names of all religious sects and 
political parties and adjectives derived from them and 
all proper adjectives should begin with a capital. 

Rule 7. The names of peoples and languages 
should begin with capitals. 

Rule 8. The names of things personified should 
begin with capitals. 

Rule 9. Capitalize the names of the months, 
days of the week, holidays, and names of states. 

NOTE. — The seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) should not be- 
gin with capitals unless they are personified. 

Rule 10. Write the pronoun I and the interjec- 
tion O with capitals. 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. . 85 

Rule 11. Capitalize words denoting certain re- 
gions or geographical divisions; as, — 

Pacific Coast, Southern California, the North, 
the South, the East, the West, etc. 

NOTE.— North, south, east and west, are not capitalized except when 
they refer to some particular locality. 

Rule 12. Capitalize the words state and terri- 
tory when they refer to the United States. 

Rule 13. Capitalize all words denoting the Deity 
and words meaning Heaven. 

Rule 14. Capitalize words used to indicate the 
Bible directly. 

Rule 13. Capitalize the names of important 
buildings. 

One Dozen Don'ts. 

1. Don't use erasers, intoxicants, tobacco, gum, 
vulgar language, slang, or pert remarks. 

2. Don't use your employer's time watching the 
clock or listening for the noon er six o'clock 
whistle. 

3. Don't talk to third parties about your em- 
ployer's business. 

4. Don't converse with other employees during 
working hours. 

5. Don't use your employer's office stationery 
for scratch paper. 

6. Don't complain. 



86 



Lightning Legible Shorthand. 



7. Don't move or handle anything on any body 
else's desk. 

8. Don't be late going to work, nor early going 
from it. 

9. Don't leave your desk untidy. 

10. Don't waste your evenings. Spend them in 
self improvement. 

11. Don't be afraid to work. 

12. Don't be afraid to be honest. You owe it 
to yourself. 

One Dozen Things to Begin a Day's Work With. 

1. A rested mind and body. 

2. Comfortable clothing. 

3. Clean face, hands, teeth, and well combed 
hair. 

4. Clean collar, tie, cuffs, a well brushed suit, 
and well polished shoes. 

5. A clean typewriter with good ribbon. 

6. A clean, neat desk and office. 

7. A good dictionary, a good geography, and a 
good form book. 

8. Good ink, pen and pencils. 

9. A determination for accuracy. 

10. A happy countenance and a pleasant dispo- 
sition, 

11. An honest purpose. 

12. A love for your work. 



8 1909 



